Vroom's+Expectancy+Theory

Expectancy theory is based on **four assumptions **:
 * [|Vroom’s Expectancy theory] **is a cognitive process theory of motivation that is based on the idea that people believe there are relationships between the effort they put forth at work, the performance they achieve from that effort, and the rewards they receive from their effort and performance. In other words, people will be motivated if they believe that strong effort will lead to good performance and good performance will lead to desired rewards.
 * people join organizations with expectations about their needs, motivations, and past experiences, which influence how individuals react to the organization;
 * an individual’s behavior is a result of conscious choice;
 * people want different things from the organization (e.g., good salary, job security, advancement, and challenge);
 * people will choose among alternatives so as to optimize outcomes for them personally.

The expectancy theory consists of **three key elements: **
 * expectancy - effort will lead to acceptable performance;
 * instrumentality - performance will be rewarded;
 * valence - the value of the rewards is highly positive.

Vroom suggests that motivation, expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are related to one another by the equation:


 * References: **

[|Fred C. Lunenburg, (2011). International Journal of Management, Business and Administration, Volume 15, No 1, "Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Motivating by Altering Expectations"]

[|www.mindtools.com]